In Years 11 and 12, Australian students enter the senior phase of schooling, where learning becomes more specialised and aligned with their future goals. Students typically select subjects that suit their interests and intended pathways—whether academic, vocational, or a blend of both. Core areas often include English and Mathematics, alongside elective options such as Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, Physics), Humanities (Economics, History, Legal Studies), Business, Health and Physical Education, Languages, the Arts, and various Technology subjects. These years also focus on building critical thinking, research, and problem-solving skills, preparing students for success in university, apprenticeships, or the workforce. Each state or territory administers its own senior certification, such as the HSC (NSW), VCE (Victoria), or SACE (South Australia), ensuring students are equipped with recognised qualifications for their next steps.

Mathematics

In Years 11 and 12, students can choose from four distinct mathematics subjects, each designed for different learning needs and goals:

Essential Mathematics: Designed for practical applications, covering calculations, measurement, graphs, data collection, and financial maths.

General Mathematics: Includes consumer arithmetic, algebra, matrices, trigonometry, statistics, and financial modelling.

Mathematical Methods: Focuses on calculus, functions, derivatives, integrals, and statistical analysis—ideal for science or engineering pathways.

Specialist Mathematics: An advanced option covering complex numbers, vectors, and advanced calculus for students aiming for STEM careers.

English Language Overview

Develops reading, writing, speaking, listening, and text analysis skills. Students engage with various genres, responding critically and creatively.

English Literature

Students explore classic and modern works, developing skills in analysis, interpretation, and appreciation of literary style and context.

Essential English

Focuses on functional literacy for everyday and workplace contexts—writing reports, interpreting documents, and persuasive communication.

Science Overview

Senior Science offers deeper understanding through disciplines like Chemistry, Physics, and Biology. Students develop practical investigation skills and scientific reasoning for future pathways in health, research, and technology.

Chemistry: The Central Science

Chemistry covers the structure and properties of matter, reactions, bonding, equilibrium, and carbon compounds. Students enhance lab techniques and problem-solving.

• Atomic structure and periodic trends
• Chemical reactions and stoichiometry
• Organic chemistry and synthesis
• Thermochemistry and reaction rates
• Acid–base chemistry and equilibrium
• Analytical and instrumental techniques

Physics: Understanding the Universe

Physics explores fundamental forces, motion, energy, waves, electricity, and quantum theory—building strong mathematical and conceptual skills for applied sciences.

• Kinematics and dynamics
• Energy conservation and transformation
• Electricity and magnetism
• Waves, sound, and light
• Quantum physics and relativity
• Experimental design and data analysis

Biology: Life and Living Systems

Biology covers genetics, ecosystems, cellular biology, and human physiology. Students investigate real-world issues in health, conservation, and biotechnology.

• Cell biology and molecular processes
• Genetics, inheritance, and evolution
• Physiology of plants and animals
• Ecosystems and biodiversity
• Human impacts and sustainability
• Experimental investigation and fieldwork